7.1 COMPUTER PROGRAMS AND PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

• COMPUTER PROGRAM:

A collection of commands which is executed through a computer for performing an exact task is called computer program. From the program in its comprehensible type of source code, a compiler or constructing agent can infer machine code, an instruction is comprising of guidelines that the computer can straight forwardly execute.

• LANGUAGE USED FOR PROGRAMMING:

A gathering of symbols, words and keys utilized to compose programs is known as programming language. Diverse programming dialects are accessible for composing distinctive kind of projects. A few languages are uncommonly used for formulating business projects and some are used for formulating logical projects and so forth.

• TYPES:

• Low level language
• High level language

7.2 LOW LEVEL LANGUAGE:

This language is close to hardware of the computer. Computer may perceive the languages effortlessly. Composing a program in low level language needs a profound information on an inner composition of computer hardware.

Following are 2 kinds of low-level languages:

• Machine language
• Assembly language

• MACHINE LANGUAGE:

 In this type guidelines are Write in parallel structure This is a main language which is straightforwardly comprehended with the computer. Written program in machine language may be accomplished quick by  PC. Machine subordinate are the projects written in machine language. Each PC has its own mechanism language. It is hard to comprehend. Composing then adjusting program in this needs a lot  of duration. Ite is otherwise called original dialect.

• ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE:

It is an low level language. It is 1 level superior than machine language. In low level computing construct, it uses pictures rather than double code. These pictures are known as  memory aides. Projects written in low level computing construct are easier to compile and alter than machine language. Low level computing construct is for the most part used for compiling framework programming. Low level computing construct is otherwise called second era language. Assembly language is likewise called emblematic language.

• HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGES:

A sort of language which is near human language is known as high level language. High level language are straightforward and simple and easier, This language guidelines composed of English words  for instance, info and print and so on. This language has easier written program. Significant level language is isolated into following classes.

7.3 PROCEDURAL LANGUAGES:

It is a programming language which tracks to set of commands.

Procedural language examples

• BASIC
• C
• FORTRAN

Procedural languages are also called 3GL.It is a programming language that tracks to set of commands. In these languages, a program is a predefined set of guidelines. PC executes guidelines in a similar arrangement in which they are composed

Examples of procedural languages:

• C
• COBOL
• BASIC
• PASCAL
• FORTAN

7.3.1 C:

C is known as a structure programming language on the grounds that to tackle an enormous issue, C programming language separates the issue in to more modest modules considered capacity or systems every one of which handles a specific duty. The program which takes care of the whole issue is an assortment of each function.

Example: C of computer procedural language are BASIC, C FORTAN java and pascal. These editors aid consumer generate programming code using one or more procedural language check the key and fix bugs in the key.

7.3.2 COBOL:

COBOL is an aggregated English like programming language used for business purposes this is basic procedural and since 2002 item arranged. Cobol is essentially utilized in business account and managerial framework for organizations and government.

Example: We are going to deal with sequential files as they are the most basic. A sequential file consist of record and each record contain some number Field.

7.4  ORIENTED PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES AND PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT TOOLS: 

• OBJECT ORIENTED LANGUAGE:

Object language is a language Where the  programs are composed on the idea of items. Item is an assortment of information, directions and capacities.

Features of OOP:

• Classes
• Reusability
• Polymorphism

Important OOP languages and Program Development Tools:

• Java
• .NET:
• C++
• C#
• Visual Studio
• Delphi
• Power Builder

7.4.1 JAVA:

“It is universally accepted programming language that is class oriented and unequivocally planned to have as very few utilization situations as could sensibly be considered typical. It relies to let application engineers form once, run anyplace (WORA), concludes which collects the  Java key may run on all levels which aid Java without the need  for reaggregation.”

7.4.2 .NET:

“NET was formed to develop web based as well as form-based applications. As discussed in a moment, the .NET Framework has resulted in an array of which is now called as the family of .NET platforms. The net effect of this development is that there exist many .NET programming facilities at this juncture in time.” With the a massive utilisation of mobile devices to get the internet access and to perform myriad kind of functions, linked to  mobile apps continue to be primarily important and are growing in number at a consistently fastest pace. The app industry truly is faced-paced and has been moving in what has been known as  a user-centric direction, according to Forbes magazine. The net effect of the fast pace of the app industry associated with its overall consumers centric focus places specific pressure on experts of different types in the market segment to keep a pace with these trends. A major area in which people with .NET programming experience and abilities are in significant and steady demand is in the realm of app development.

7.4.3 C++:

“C++ is a widely helpful (OOP) language, B Jarne developed this.its an extension of the C language. It is along these lines credible to key C++ in a “article arranged style.” It is the mediocre language, as it typifies both low and high level language highlights.

7.4.4 C#:

It is also called as C sharp. It was given by Microsoft which runs on Net Framework.” With the help of this programming language we can develop various types of robust and secured app.

• Window applications
• Web applications

7.4.5 VISUAL STUDIO:

This is also called Microsoft Visual Studio. It is yhe IDE (Integrated Development Environment) used for Microsoft Windows. VS is a helpful in  programming, web apps, and web services. In this tool that have code editor, debugger, GUI design tool, and helps main revision control systems. It is used for both purposes like free “Community” edition and also used for paid commercial version.”

7.4.6 DELPHI:

This is an high level language whu h support object based designs. This js a fastest app development utilised to create apps ranges mobile to database applications

 7.4.7 POWER BUILDER:

“PowerBuilder is a faster application development aid for creating and modernizing business critical windows apps which is a Sybase owning. Powerbase creates prototype construction convenient and allows users to develop server , and distributed applications for Win32, NET and Java Platform, Enterprise Edition (JEE) platforms.”

7.5 OTHER PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES AND DEVELOPMENT TOOLS

7.5.1 FOURTH GENERATION PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE(4GLS):

It is an programming language that is considered as superior to 3GL .While the definition of 4GL has changed over time, it may be typified by operating more with numerous collections of information at once rather than focusing on just bits and bytes. It  is a gathering of programming dialects which try to draw nearer than 3GLs.  Fourth generation languages are intended to less the general time, exertion and cost of programming establishment. The fundamental spaces and groups of 4GLs are: database questions, report generators, information control, examination and announcing, screen painters and generators, GUI makers, scientific improvement, web establishment and universally useful dialects. It is more efficient language. The way in to the acknowledgment of proficiency with 4GLs lies in a fitting match ij tools, and the application space. Moreover, 4GLs have extended the number of inhabitants in experts ready to take part in programming improvement. A large number is related to databases and information handling, permitting the effective advancement of business-situated frameworks with dialects that intently coordinate the manner in which area specialists define business rules and preparing successions. Most Four Generation language contain the capacity to add 3GL-level code to bring explicit framework rationale into the 4GL program.

7.5.2 CLASSICAL PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE:

The Classical Programming Language Toolkit (CLTK) offers common language preparing (NLP) support for the dialects of Ancient, Classical, and Medieval Eurasia. Greek, Latin, Acadian, and the Germanic dialects are presently generally complete.

7.5.3 APPLICATION GENERATOR:

A program that makes other application programs which can run on a specific stage. Programming that produces application programs from portrayals of the issue instead of by customary programming. It is at a more significant level and simpler to use than an elevated level programming language.

Example:

• C/C++
• Java.

7.5.4 Macros:

A large scale (which means “macro instruction”) deciphers a special arrangement of contribution to a preset grouping of yield. It may be used to create errands less dreary by speaking to a confounded grouping of keystrokes, mouse developments, or various types of information.

7.6 WEB PAGE DEVELOPMENT

7.6.1 HTML AND XHTML:

HTML first developer Tim Berners-Lee that he developed in 1990, It stands for Hypertext Markup language. HTML is utilised for creating documents that are showed on the World Wide Web. Every page consists of series of connection on other pages that called hyperlinks. HTML 5 is that the new language specification proposed for web pages. The most striking feature of HTML 5 to play audio and video content without the need of additional software. A web page is made up of HTML elements and HTML elements are identified by HTML tags. An HTML tag always begins with a but sign < and ends with a greater than sign >.

For instance, here may be easier paragraph in HTML:

This is a paragraph. The letter “ p” is a paragraph element. In this example, is an opening tag that tells the browser which the content that follows it is a paragraph. The slash in the second tag, point outs which it is a closing tag that tells the browser that the paragraph element is finishing. XHTML is a mixture of HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) and XML (Extensible Markup Language). So, the similar XHTML is interpreted because the Extensible Hypertext Markup Language. XHTML was created to form HTML more stretchable and increase interoperability. It is use the same tags and syntax of the HTML. The main difference is its accuracy. In XHTML, all tags are written in lower case and closed.

 7.6.2 XML AND WML:

XML stands for Extensible Markup Language. The XML is a terminology that is a group of rules for encoding documents during format that’s both human-readable and machine-readable. The primary building block of an XML document is an component, defined by tags. An element consists of beginning and ending tag. XML tags are not predefined. You can define your own tags. All elements in an XML document are contained in an outermost elements called as the root element. WML stands for Wireless Markup Language. Serevs as Mark up language for mini and wireless computer. In WML, variables are often described that store data in string format. WML utilises WML script for client-side scripting, which is stored during a separate file. The supported image format for WML is WBMP. A micro-browser is utilised to run WML markup. WML follows XHTML specification and is so case sensitive. WML has fewer tags than HTML.

7.6.3 SCRIPTS, APPLETS, SERVLETS, ACTIVEX CONTROL:

A Scripts or scripting language may be a computer language that’s a series of commands in a file that is able to being executed without the being compiled. Best example of server-side scripting language is Perl, PHP, and Python and client-side scripting language is JavaScript. An Applets is a java code that can be executed within another program. It is mostly executed in java-enabled web browser. An applet can be embedded in an HTML documents using the tag . Parameters can pass using the tagin the HTML documents. An applets can download automatically and run on web browser. An applets can perform many functions such as animations, play games, graphics or arithmetic operations. A Servlet may be a java program that runs on a internet server. It is same as an applet, but it is processed on the server rather than the client’s machine. Using servlet, you can collect input from consumers through web page forms, present records from a database or another source, and make web pages. An ActiveX control may be a mini program that’s wont to exchange information between applications. An ActiveX control may increase Internet browsing experience by allowing animation and is usually compared to Java applets. A limitation of the ActiveX control is that it can run under Windows. An ActiveX control are often developed in any programming language which defines Microsoft’s Component Object Model. Visual basic and C++ these are two usually utilised to write ActiveX controls.

7.6.4 CGI SCRIPTS:

CGI abbreviated as  Common Gateway Interface. CGI runs on an internet server to reinforce the location.  We can simply define CGI script is any program which runs on an internet server and it a typical way how the knowledge are going to be passed to and from the browser and server. It is the foremost common way for web servers to interact with users. CGI isn’t a programming language or a telecommunication protocol. It is an interface between the web application and the web server. A CGI program are often written in any programming language.

7.6.5 SCRIPTING LANGUAGES:

It is made to communicate and integrate  with other programming languages. Few of the foremost mainly utilised scripting languages are JavaScript, VBScript, PHP, Perl, Python, Ruby, ASP and Tcl. Since a scripting language is generally used in conjunction with another programming language, they are sometime found along HTML, Java or C++.

7.6.6 DYNAMIC HTML:

It is the collection of technologies that is utilized for making animated and interactive websites.  These websites are created by utilization of client side scripting , static markup , presentation languages and document object model.

7.6.7 RUBY ON RAILS

It is a server side web application that typing in ruby under the license of MIT. Rails is a model see regulator system, giving default structure to an information base a web administration and website page.

7.6.8 WEB 2.0 PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT

The concept behind Web 2.0 for development in short   web 2.0.Web 2 for dev is a method of utilizing web administrations, to improve data sharing and cooperative creation of substance with development.

7.6.9 WEB PAGE AUTHORING SOFTWARE

A site improvement structure that permit Web page to be externally created like a work area distributing program. It produces the requires HTML code for the pages and can handle to and for (in moving degrees ) between the page format and the HTML. Web authoring is the act of creating web record using present day web writing programming and instrument. Web composing programming is a kinf of work area distributing device that permit clients to examine the stunts climate of HTML and web coding by presenting an alternate sort of GUI.

7.7 MULTIMEDIA PROGRAM DEVELOMENT

• MULTIMEDIA:

“Multimedia is an interactive medium for interaction. Multimedia used for audio, video and visual information”. Multimedia is mostly popular in today’s society and used in every field of life. Multimedia is a great invention of science. It becomes great revolution in education field.

• MULTIMEDIA PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT

Multimedia application or multimedia software is also called multimedia program development. That is capable of playing or recording audio, video files. Different software are used for different purposes. In multimedia programming development we use different languages for coding like HTML, C++, and CSS etc.

• HTML :

• Html is (hypertext markup language).
• Html is mostly utilised for design the websites.
• By using Html we can design FACEBOOK cover pages, Website pages etc.
• In html we gave instructions for designing.

• CSS:

• CSS stands for (cascading style sheet)
• In CSS we set the coding that giving instructions in Html.
• In CSS we set margins, padding for designing the websites.     

• MULTIMEDIA DEVELOPMENT AND DELIVERY

Some essentials hardware and software are required for multimedia development and delivery

• CPU
• MONITOR
• VIDEO GRAPHING
• SOUND CARD

7.8 PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT CYCLE:

Program Development Cycle is a deliberate method for creating quality programming. It gives a sorted arrangement to separating the undertaking of program improvement into reasonable lumps, every one of which must be effectively finished before proceeding onward to the following stage

There are six stages in the Program Development Cycle:

• Problem Definition
• Problem Analysis
• Algorithm Development
• Coding & Documentation
• Testing & Debugging
• Maintenance